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The history of Spain is rich and diverse, spanning thousands of years. Here's a brief overview of some key periods: Prehistoric Spain: The Iberian Peninsula, where Spain is located, has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Various cultures, including the Iberians, Celts, and Basques, left their mark on the region. Roman Hispania (218 BC – 5th century AD): Spain was part of the Roman Empire for centuries, known as Hispania. Roman influence brought infrastructure, urbanization, and Latin language to the region. Visigothic Kingdom (5th – 8th century): After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Visigoths established a kingdom in Spain. They ruled until the Muslim conquest in 711. Muslim rule (8th – 15th century): The Moors, Muslims from North Africa, invaded Spain in 711 and established a vast Islamic empire known as Al-Andalus. During this period, Muslim Spain thrived culturally, scientifically, and economically, with cities like Cordoba and Granada becoming centers of learning and culture. Reconquista (8th – 15th century): Christian kingdoms in the north gradually pushed back Muslim rule in what became known as the Reconquista. This centuries-long process culminated with the fall of Granada in 1492, ending Muslim rule in Spain. Spanish Empire (15th – 19th century): The late 15th and early 16th centuries marked the beginning of Spain's Golden Age, characterized by exploration, colonization, and dominance in Europe. Spanish explorers like Christopher Columbus and Hernán Cortés led expeditions that expanded Spain's empire to the Americas and beyond. Siglo de Oro (16th – 17th century): Spain experienced a cultural renaissance during the Golden Age, known as the Siglo de Oro. This period saw the flourishing of Spanish literature, art, and theater, with figures like Miguel de Cervantes and Diego Velázquez making significant contributions. Decline and Bourbon Spain (17th – 19th century): Spain's power and influence declined in the 17th and 18th centuries due to economic struggles, wars, and political instability. The Bourbon dynasty came to power in the early 18th century, instituting reforms aimed at modernizing the country. Spanish Civil War (1936 – 1939): The Spanish Civil War was a brutal conflict between Republicans (left-wing) and Nationalists (right-wing) that resulted in the victory of General Francisco Franco's Nationalist forces. Franco's dictatorship lasted until his death in 1975. Transition to Democracy (1975 – present): After Franco's death, Spain transitioned to a constitutional monarchy and democracy. King Juan Carlos I played a key role in this transition, which led to the adoption of a democratic constitution in 1978. Since then, Spain has experienced political stability and economic growth, becoming a member of the European Union in 1986. This overview highlights some of the major events and periods in Spain's history, but there's much more to explore in the country's rich and complex past.